tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-89019905125915762232024-02-08T07:33:40.741-08:00Estaminet-CoqueEstaminet-Coque, Blog Information for Student, Academician and Practioners in the WorldMc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-77641389594333354662019-11-18T09:42:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:42:21.953-08:00Understanding International Treaties<b>Understanding International Treaties</b><br />
International Agreement<br />
International treaties are agreements held by subjects of international law and aim to produce certain legal consequences. Examples of international agreements are agreements made by countries with other countries, countries with international organizations, international organizations with other international organizations, and the Holy See with countries.<br />
<br />
International treaties according to experts<br />
The 1969 Vienna Convention<br />
International treaties are agreements entered into by two or more countries that aim to have certain legal consequences.<br />
<br />
1986 Vienna Convention<br />
International agreements as international agreements governed by international law and signed in written form between one or more countries and between one or more international organizations, international organizations.<br />
<br />
Law No. 37 of 1999 concerning Foreign Relations<br />
International agreements are agreements in any form and designation governed by international law and made in writing by the government of Indonesia with one or more countries, international organizations or other international legal subjects, as well as giving rise to rights and obligations to the government of Indonesia which are public law.<br />
<br />
UU no. 24 of 2000 concerning International Treaties<br />
international agreement is an agreement in the form and name specified in international law which is made in writing and gives rise to rights and obligations in the field of public law.<br />
<br />
Oppenheimer-Lauterpact<br />
International treaties are agreements between countries that give rise to rights and obligations among the parties to the agreement.<br />
<br />
B. Schwarzenberger<br />
International treaties are agreements between international legal subjects that give rise to binding obligations in international law, which can be bilateral or multilateral. The legal subjects in question are international institutions and countries.<br />
<br />
Dr. Muchtar Kusumaatmaja, S.H. LLM<br />
International treaties are agreements held between nations that aim to create certain consequences.<br />
International cooperation is legally manifested in the form of international treaties, namely countries in carrying out relations or cooperation to make international agreements. Based on some of these definitions, it is concluded that international treaties are agreements made by subjects of international law and have the purpose of giving birth to certain legal consequences.<br />
International treaties or often referred to as international treaties are international agreements governed by international relations and signed in written form. Examples of international treaties include inter-state or more, international organizations or more, and international organizations.<br />
An international agreement is essentially a goal or agreement. The form of international agreements carried out between nations and international organizations does not have to be in written form. In this international agreement there is a law governing the agreement. In international treaties there are terms subject and object. The subject of international agreements is all subjects of international law, especially countries and international organizations. Whereas what is meant by the object of international law are all interests that concern the life of the international community, especially economic, social, political and cultural interests.<br />
<br />
Various International Treaties<br />
International agreements as a formal source of international law can be classified as follows.<br />
Based on the contents<br />
a) Political aspects, such as defense pacts and facts of peace.<br />
b) Economic aspects, such as economic assistance and financial assistance.<br />
c) Legal compliance<br />
d) In terms of area boundaries<br />
e) In terms of health.<br />
<br />
Based on the Process / Manufacturing Stages<br />
Significant agreements are made through negotiation, signing and ratification processes.<br />
A simple agreement is made through two stages, namely negotiation and signing.<br />
Example:<br />
Indonesian-Chinese citizenship status, extradition.<br />
Territorial sea, land boundary.<br />
Quarantine problems, prevention of AIDS epidemicsMc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-23669384079761311552019-11-18T09:39:00.001-08:002019-11-18T09:39:09.363-08:00The Systematic Writing of Proposal Activities<b>The systematic writing of proposal activities include:</b><br />
Background of activities<br />
Rationale<br />
Name of activity<br />
The purpose of the activity<br />
Activity target<br />
Benefits of activities<br />
Type of activity<br />
Time and place of activity<br />
schedule of activities<br />
Implementing and working organization<br />
Target<br />
Activity funding budget<br />
Cover<br />
Proposal Language Rules<br />
The proposal's linguistic rules are:<br />
<br />
Using scientific terms, both related to the activities to be carried out or related to the scientific field.<br />
Use action verbs to state the steps of an activity or research method.<br />
Use words that define definitions, as they are, that is, that is, are.<br />
Use words that contain detailed meanings, such as first, second, other than that.<br />
Use words that are will-like, as will be, expected.<br />
Use denotative or meaningful words. This is very important to avoid misunderstandings between the proposer and the recipient of the proposal.<br />
Proposal Characteristics:<br />
Proposals are made to summarize the activities that will be carried out<br />
As the first notification of an activity<br />
Contains objectives, background of the event<br />
Surely the proposal is in the form of sheets of notice that have been bound which will be submitted to the owner of the event<br />
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<br />
Things that must be considered in making a proposal:<br />
The preparation of the proposal should appoint a person or several people who are experts in preparing the proposal, preferably those who are related to the activities carried out.<br />
The proposal compiler prepares the materials and information needed, in the form of materials from the whole committee<br />
Prepare a draft proposal in a systematic, attractive, and realistic manner<br />
Proposals are discussed in deliberation forums to be discussed, revised and approved.<br />
Proposed proposals have been made to be used as they should.<br />
Proposals are reproduced and distributed to the intended parties, both internal and external<br />
Proposal Structure:<br />
The Following Is The Proposal Structure:<br />
<br />
Cover<br />
An activity proposal must have a cover using an activity logo or be able to use an organization logo. Covered includes the written name of the activity to be carried out. in the baah section written the implementing agency.<br />
<br />
Background<br />
In writing background, you must advise you. Not as close as the background is written but the background starts with general matters and special issues.<br />
<br />
Name of activity<br />
The name of the activity is the name that will be carried out on the activity.<br />
<br />
Theme<br />
The theme of the activity is written in accordance with the theme agreed with the forum or themes that have been available previously.<br />
<br />
Aim<br />
The purpose of the activity is the target for the activity to be carried out and includes the reasons for this activity.<br />
<br />
Types of Activities / Event Activities<br />
Type of activity or event to be carried out. All activity models must be written down because the agency will look at the number of planned activities. Every activity must be explained its purpose and purpose.<br />
<br />
Promotion tool<br />
Promotional tools are a benefit of sponsors. Promotional means of feeling from banners, clothing, pamphlets, browsures, banners, audio and Count of percent sponsorship. The percent contributed by the sponsor determines the size of the sponsor's logo.<br />
<br />
Budget Efficiency<br />
Budgetary efficiency is the quantity of the total allocation of funds to be used. written in detail with the price. Ranging from equipment, administration, consumption, trophies, placards, stage, sound and others. Budget estimation is an important issue because the main thing examined by the agency is the Budget.<br />
<br />
Cover<br />
The closing is a thank you and an apology to the agency. Signatures and stamps must be available because the validity of the proposal is available for signatures and stamps.<br />
<br />
Organizational Structure<br />
The composition of the committee must be available because of the sponsors' ability to use the clothes to use the committee structure.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-91275379007044391532019-11-18T09:38:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:38:13.266-08:00Types of Proposals<b>Types of Proposals</b><br />
As for the types of proposals In general, proposals are divided into 4 types including the following:<br />
Business proposal<br />
Is a proposal that is related to the world of business or business, can also be related to business groups or individuals. Examples such as proposals for the establishment of business entities, places of business and others.<br />
<br />
Project Proposal<br />
A proposal that has to do with the world of work, generally containing a series of plans in business or commercial. For example, such as a proposal for an office development project.<br />
<br />
Research proposal<br />
It is a proposal that is often used in academics such as research for thesis, and so on. Usually this type of proposal is used to submit a research activity to be carried out.<br />
<br />
Activity Proposal<br />
This type of proposal is often used in the community, because it is a proposal to submit a plan of activities both individual and individual activities, such as proposals to hold celebrations, competitions and others.<br />
<br />
Type of Proposal Based on Its Form<br />
Types of proposals based on the form are divided into 3 types including:<br />
<br />
Formal Proposal<br />
This proposal is very complete and consists of three parts including the introduction, content, and cover, with the following explanation:<br />
<br />
The introduction consists of the cover and title page, preface, summary, table of contents, and endorsement or application.<br />
The contents section consists of background problems, problem boundaries, objectives, basic assumptions or thoughts, research methodology, facilities, personalias advantages, time losses, budget funds in others.<br />
Whereas the closing part consists of bibliography, attachments and others.<br />
Non-formal Proposal<br />
This proposal is not like a complete formal proposal, usually submitted only in the form of letters. Usually it always contains things like problems, suggestions, problem solving and endorsements or requests.<br />
<br />
Semi-formal Proposal<br />
Almost the same as non-formal proposals because the contents are not complete or do not meet the formal proposal requirements.<br />
<br />
Proposal Elements<br />
The following are the elements of the proposal in general and are accompanied by a brief explanation:<br />
<br />
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<br />
Background<br />
In this element, the gap between expectations and reality is presented, both theoretical and practical gaps that lay behind the problem.<br />
<br />
Formulation of the problem<br />
In this element expresses explicitly in the form of questions to which the answers are sought.<br />
<br />
Research purposes<br />
In this case the stated goals or objectives to be achieved.<br />
<br />
Hypothesis<br />
In the hypothesis put forward a temporary answer to the research problem so that the relationship between the problem and the answer is clearer.<br />
<br />
Research Assumptions<br />
Research assumptions are basic assumptions about things that are used as the basis for thinking and acting.<br />
<br />
Benefits of research<br />
In this element contains the reason for the feasibility of the problem under study.<br />
<br />
Pour Scope<br />
Literature review<br />
Operational definition<br />
Systematics of Proposal Writing<br />
The research proposals include:<br />
<br />
Research proposal<br />
The writing system is as follows:<br />
<br />
Background<br />
Scope of problem<br />
Formulation of the problem<br />
Research purposes<br />
Benefits of research<br />
Literature review<br />
Research methods<br />
Object of research<br />
Method of collecting data<br />
Data analysis method<br />
Expected results<br />
References<br />
Activity Proposal<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-69101924056982967282019-11-18T09:37:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:37:27.702-08:00Proposal Material<b>Proposal Material</b><br />
Definition of Proposal<br />
What is meant by a proposal is writing written by the writer with the intention to explain the plan and purpose of an activity to the readers, so that they get an understanding of the purpose of the activity in more clear and detailed manner. So with a proposal it is expected to provide clear information to the readers, so they understand the purpose and purpose of the proposal.<br />
In general, a proposal is a program or plan for an activity which is only a proposal, it can also be said that the proposal is a written proposal to carry out an activity aimed at the parties related to the activity.<br />
<br />
Definition of Proposal According to Experts<br />
The word proposal itself comes from the English "to propose" which means to submit. The following is the definition of the proposal in the opinion of experts as follows:<br />
<br />
According to the Dictionary<br />
proposal means a plan as outlined in the form of a work plan.<br />
<br />
According to Rieefky<br />
proposal is a form of activity design that is made in formal and standard form.<br />
<br />
According to Hasnun Anwar (2004: 73)<br />
A proposal is a plan prepared for a particular activity.<br />
<br />
According to Jay (2006: 1)<br />
The proposal is a standard management tool so that management can function efficiently.<br />
<br />
According to Hadi<br />
proposal is a structured proposal for the agenda of business cooperation between institutions, companies, proposed activities to solve problems.<br />
<br />
According to Keraf (2001: 302)<br />
proposal is a suggestion or request to someone or an agency to do or do a job.<br />
<br />
Based on the opinions of the experts above, it can be concluded that the proposal is a plan of activities or work that is arranged systematically and in detail according to standards by a person or group of researchers to be submitted to the desired parties in obtaining approval or assistance in their research.<br />
<br />
Requirements for Compiling Proposals<br />
As for preparing a proposal, it must meet the following requirements:<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Related: 101 Understanding Qualitative And Quantitative Research By Experts<br />
<br />
Must have a structure and logic that is very clear and easy to understand.<br />
The results of these activities must be structured.<br />
The formulation of the types of activities carried out must be written in detail and must be really workable.<br />
If there is a funding budget needed, then the budget of the funds needed must be realistic with the activity.<br />
<br />
Purpose of the Proposal<br />
The purpose of making or writing a proposal are:<br />
To get financial assistance<br />
To get support<br />
To get permission<br />
<br />
Proposal Function<br />
The functions of a proposal are compiled, including the following:<br />
To conduct research that has to do with social, cultural, economic and others.<br />
Can be used to apply to set up a business.<br />
Can also be used to submit tenders from various institutions.<br />
Can be used to hold events events such as celebrations, seminars, training, competitions and others.<br />
Benefits of Proposal<br />
Be a plan that directs the committee in carrying out these activities.<br />
Explain indirectly to those who want to know the activity.<br />
To convince donors / sponsors that they provide material and financial support in realizing planned activities.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-75692830436977845702019-11-18T09:32:00.006-08:002019-11-18T09:32:46.381-08:00Sources of Business Law<b>Sources of Business Law</b><br />
The main sources of business law (1338 paragraph 1 of the Civil Code) are:<br />
The principle of contract (agreement) itself becomes the main source of law, where each party is bound to submit to the agreed contract. (contracts made are the same as laws),<br />
The principle of freedom of contract, whereby the parties are free to make and determine the contents of the contract they have agreed to.<br />
Sources of General Business Law<br />
Civil Law (Civil Code)<br />
Commercial Law (KUHDagang)<br />
Public Law (Criminal Economy / Criminal Code)<br />
Legislation outside the Civil Code, Criminal Code, Criminal Code<br />
Sources of Business Law According to Expert Munir Fuady<br />
Legislation, namely applicable legal regulations, such as: Laws, Government Regulations, and so on.<br />
Agreement, which is an agreement made by the parties in a business transaction. There is also an opinion which states that the agreement or contract applies as a law against the parties who made it.<br />
The treaty, namely the provisions in relations and international law, both in the form of an agreement between the leaders of countries in the world, regulations in international law, guidelines made by world institutions, and so forth that are enforced in Indonesia.<br />
Jurisprudence, which is a legal decision which is usually used as a guideline in formulating or being considered in the drafting of regulations or subsequent legal decisions.<br />
Habits, which are habits that are carried out by business people in general.<br />
Doctrine, i.e. expert opinions or legal experts related to business law. Doctrine is usually called the opinion of legal scholars.<br />
Civil Law (Civil Code), such as contract law (contract), material rights, as a source of business.<br />
Public Law (Criminal Economy / Business), for example economic / business crimes: Smuggling, illegal logging, corruption, etc.<br />
Commercial Law (KUH Trade), for example bookkeeping obligations, partnership companies (Firms, CVs), insurance, transportation, securities, intermediary traders, agents / distributors, etc.).<br />
Legislation outside the Civil Code and the Commercial Code, for example bankruptcy, consumer protection, antitrust / unfair competition, investment (PMA / PMDN), capital markets (going public), limited liability companies, liquidation, acquisitions, mergers, financing, property rights intellectual property (copyright, trademark, patent), business dispute resolution / arbitration, international trade (WTO).<br />
<br />
Principles of Business Law<br />
Principle of Autonomy<br />
Autonomous business people are fully aware of what is their duty in the business world. He will realize by not just following the norms and moral values, but also doing something because he knows and realizes that it is good, because everything has been thought out and carefully considered.<br />
<br />
The Principle of Honesty<br />
Business will not last long if there is no honesty, because honesty is the main capital to gain the trust of its business partners, whether in the form of commercial, material, or moral trust.<br />
<br />
Principle of Justice<br />
This principle requires that everyone be treated equally in accordance with fair rules and criteria that are rationally objective and accountable. Justice means there are no parties who suffer rights and interests.<br />
<br />
The Principle of Mutual Benefit<br />
This principle demands that all parties strive to benefit each other. In the business world, this principle requires that business competition must give rise to a win-win situation.<br />
<br />
Principle of Moral Integrity<br />
This principle suggests that business should be carried out while maintaining the good name and good name of the company.<br />
<br />
Principle of Business Law<br />
In business practice the source of the contract covers two main aspects:<br />
The contract aspect (agreement) itself, which is the main legal source, where each party is bound to submit to the contract that has been agreed upon;<br />
The freedom of contract aspect, in which the parties are free to make and determine the contents of the contract they have agreed upon.<br />
Business law is the rules that govern business activities so that business is run fairly.<br />
<br />
Examples of Business Law<br />
corporate law (PT, CV, Firma),<br />
bankruptcy,<br />
capital market,<br />
PMA / PMDN investment,<br />
liquidation,<br />
merger,<br />
acquisition,<br />
credit,<br />
financing,<br />
debt guarantees,<br />
securities,<br />
labor / labor law,<br />
intellectual property rights,<br />
legal agreement (sale and purchase / trade transaction),<br />
banking law,<br />
transportation law,<br />
investment law,<br />
technology law,<br />
consumer protection,<br />
antitrust law,<br />
agency,<br />
distribution,<br />
insurance,<br />
taxation,<br />
business dispute resolution,<br />
international trade / WTO,<br />
bookkeeping obligations.<br />
In business activities, law is clearly needed in the interests of the Parties in order to realize the character and behavior of business activities in a fair, reasonable, healthy and dynamic business (guaranteed by legal certainty).Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-31846469947783578152019-11-18T09:32:00.003-08:002019-11-18T09:32:09.498-08:00Business Law Material<b>Business Law Material</b><br />
Business Law: Definition, Scope, Principles, Examples, and Functions - Basically law is created through power, but the legal content must regulate the balance between the interests of power and the interests of the people (people) who have sovereignty. Therefore the law was created not for power (Thomas Hobbes) but for the benefit of the development of society (Von Savigni).<br />
The nature and function of law in a process must be reality, responsive / anticipatory and democratic. In social reality, law is often left behind with the development of society but that does not mean that law enforcement is stopped, because the law must remain upright even if the sky will collapse.<br />
<br />
Understanding of Business Law<br />
Business Law is written or unwritten norms or rules governing the interests of Business Law divided into several fields, including:<br />
<br />
Business law in economics<br />
Commercial law<br />
Insurance Law<br />
Investment Law<br />
Business Law in finance<br />
Banking law<br />
Capital Market Law<br />
Business Law in the field of services<br />
Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) are rights granted to people for the results of their ideas. Usually these exclusive rights are granted for the use of the mind of the creator within a certain period of time. These thoughts can be realized in writing, artistic creations, symbols, naming, images, and designs used in commercial activities.<br />
<br />
Intellectual Property Rights Classification:<br />
Copyright (copyright), namely the exclusive rights granted by the state to the creator of a work (for example works of art to announce, reproduce, or give permission for others to reproduce their copy without reducing the author's own rights)<br />
Industrial Property Right, namely the right to regulate everything concerning industrial property, especially those regulating legal protection.<br />
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<br />
Definition of business law in general<br />
are written regulations made by the government with a view to regulating, supervising and protecting all business activities, including industrial activities, trade and service implementation as well as all matters relating to financial activities and other business activities.<br />
<br />
Basic Business Law<br />
KUHD LAW (1848-Ind).<br />
Regulation of trade sector outside codification.<br />
Business Law Function<br />
function of business law according to Amirizal (1996: 9) viz<br />
As a useful source of information for business practitioners,<br />
To understand their rights and obligations in business practice,<br />
In order to realize the character and behavior of business activities that are fair, reasonable, healthy and dynamic (guaranteed by legal certainty).<br />
<br />
Scope of Business Law<br />
Business contract<br />
Business Entity Forms (PT, CV, Firma)<br />
The company went public and capital markets<br />
Buying and selling company<br />
Investment / investment (PAM / PMDN)<br />
Bankruptcy and liquidation<br />
Mergers, consolidations and acquisitions<br />
Credit and financing<br />
Debt collateral<br />
Marketable securities<br />
Employment / labor<br />
Intellectual Property Rights, i.e. Patent Rights (Law No. 14 of 2001, Trademark Rights No. 15 of 2001, Copyright (Law No. 1 of 19 of 2002), Protection of Plant Varieties (Law No. 29 of 2000), Trade Secrets (Law No. 30 of 2000), Industrial Design, (Law No. 31 of 2000), and Layout Design of Integrated Circuits (Law No. 32 of 2000).<br />
Prohibition of monopoly and unfair business competition<br />
Consumer protection (Law No.8 / 1999)<br />
Agency and distribution<br />
Insurance (Law No. 2/1992)<br />
Taxation<br />
Business dispute resolution<br />
International business<br />
Transportation law (darts, sea, air)<br />
Technology Transfer - it needs protection and guarantee of legal certainty for technology owners and technology users such as the form and method of transferring foreign technology into the country.<br />
Industrial / processing industry law.<br />
Law Activities of multinational companies (export - inport)<br />
Law of Mining Activities<br />
Banking Law (Law No. 10/1998) and securities<br />
Law Real estate / housing / buildings<br />
Law International agreements / international trade.<br />
Money Laundering Law (Law No. 15 of 2002)<br />
Also Read Articles That May Be Related: Definition of Legal Sanctions (Criminal, Civil and Administrative) and the LikeMc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-41251966231950445842019-11-18T09:28:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:28:09.688-08:00Characteristics of Effective Sentence in General<b>Characteristics of Effective Sentence in General</b><br />
Brevity<br />
In writing found the use of words and groups of words that actually have the same meaning. In this case the group of words is a long form, while the word is a short or short form.<br />
<br />
Example:<br />
We conduct street children's research in Jakarta. (Long form)<br />
We research street children in Jakarta. (Concise form)<br />
Mr. Sanusi always gives advice to his children. (Long form)<br />
Mr. Sanusi always advises his children. (Concise form)<br />
Students hold discussions doing assignments from lecturers. (Long form)<br />
Students discuss work on assignments from lecturers. (Concise form)<br />
<br />
Characteristics of Effective Sentence in General:<br />
Has an important element or principal, at least SP elements.<br />
Obey the applicable spelling rules.<br />
Use the right diction.<br />
Using the equivalent of the structure of language and the logical and systematic way of thinking.<br />
Using the alignment of the language forms used.<br />
Emphasizing the main idea.<br />
Refers to the effectiveness of using words.<br />
Using variations of sentence structure.<br />
<br />
Terms of Effective Sentences<br />
The terms of an effective sentence are as follows:<br />
Accurately represent the thoughts of the speaker or author.<br />
Expressing the exact same understanding between the mind of the listener or reader with what the reader or writer thinks.<br />
Easily understood by listeners or readers.<br />
Does not cause errors in interpreting the intent of the author.<br />
Convey the author's thoughts to the reader or listener appropriately.<br />
Systematic and not wordy.<br />
<br />
Structure of Effective Sentences<br />
The structure of effective sentences must be correct. That sentence must have a unity of form, because it is the unity of form that makes a unity of meaning. Sentences that are structurally correct certainly have both a unity of form and a unity of meaning. On the other hand, sentences whose structure is damaged or chaotic, do not represent any unity and are a false statement.<br />
So, effective sentences always have a clear structure or form. Every element contained in it (which generally consists of words) must occupy a clear position in relation to each other. The words must be sorted according to the rules that have been accustomed. Must not deviate, even more conflicting. Any deviation will usually cause abnormalities that are not acceptable to the language user community. For example, you will say I wrote a letter for papa. The effect will be very different, if said:<br />
Make Papa write my letter.<br />
The letter I wrote to Papa.<br />
Get me a letter for Papa.<br />
My dad wrote me a letter.<br />
I am Papa for writing.<br />
Make Papa the letter I write.<br />
Even though the words used in the sentence are the same, there is an error. The error occurred because the words (as sentence elements) had unclear functions. The relationship of one word to another is unclear. The words are also not sorted according to what has been determined by the language user.<br />
This is usually the result of deviations from the structural habits of language use in general. The next result is chaos of understanding. So that this does not happen, the language user always tries to obey the laws that have been familiarized. and adhere to the preparation of effective sentences as follows:<br />
<br />
Use of Words That Have Changed Meanings:<br />
The use of words that experience changes in meaning in the development of their use often changes meaning. These changes often occur due to shifts in connotation, usage period, distance and others. But what is clear, these changes are various, namely: narrow, broad, ameliorative, authoritative, and associate. For more details, see the explanation below:<br />
<br />
Types of changes in meaning:<br />
Narrow / specialization<br />
The word that is classified as a change in meaning is a word that was used in the beginning for a variety of general uses, but its use is currently limited to one situation.<br />
Example:<br />
Literature used to be used for the understanding of writing in a broad or general sense, whereas now it is only meant by writing that smells of art. Likewise the word bachelor (once a smart, high-level person, now means "college graduate").<br />
<br />
Widen / generalize<br />
The use of this word is the opposite of narrowed understanding.<br />
Example:<br />
The farmer used to be someone who worked and depended on his life to work on the fields, but now the word is used for broader circumstances. The use of the understanding of fish farmers, fish farmers, catfish farmers is proof that the word farmers extends its use.<br />
<br />
Amelioration (Elevation of Meaning)<br />
Elevation of meaning is the change in meaning which results in the new meaning being perceived to be higher / respectful / refined / good in value, than the old meaning.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-86014110056795490492019-11-18T09:27:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:27:23.767-08:00The Idea of Sentences: Logic<b>The Idea of Sentences: Logic</b><br />
The idea of sentences in kaliamat can be effectively accepted or understood by reason and in accordance with EYD rules.<br />
Example:<br />
We invite time and place! (Illogical)<br />
Principal, we invite you to advance to the pulpit! (Logical)<br />
<br />
Accuracy<br />
Effective sentences are written carefully, precisely in diction so that it does not cause multiple interpretations and confusion in the sentence.<br />
Example:<br />
The famous college student became Putri Indonesia this year. (Inaccurate)<br />
Students from the famous tertiary institution became Putri Indonesia this year. (Meticulous)<br />
Infants who are breastfed contain less viruses compared to infants who receive bottle milk. (Inaccurate)<br />
Babies who are breastfed will contain fewer viruses compared to babies who get bottle milk. (Meticulous)<br />
Accuracy is also shown by not repeating the same words that are not intended for emphasis as the following example.<br />
Example:<br />
The announcement will be announced to the public in 2 weeks. (Inaccurate)<br />
The announcement will be announced to the public in 2 weeks. (Meticulous)<br />
It is expected that the proposal and all its completeness can complete the project administration requirements. (Inaccurate)<br />
It is expected that the proposal along with all its completeness can meet project administration requirements. (Meticulous)<br />
<br />
Variety<br />
Effective sentences show the use of sentences that are not monotonous. The sentences used should vary by utilizing the types of sentences that are in Indonesian. In addition, variations in sentence length and element replacement at the beginning of a sentence also indicate the effectiveness of the sentence.<br />
<br />
Example:<br />
Children need parents' attention and affection.<br />
It takes attention and affection from parents to their children.<br />
Parent's attention and affection is needed by the child.<br />
<br />
Firmness<br />
Effective sentences affirm the main idea so that the main idea stands out in the sentence. Here's how to provide affirmation in effective sentences.<br />
Put the word highlighted at the beginning of the sentence<br />
Example:<br />
I read the book. (emphasis on reading books)<br />
I have read that book. (emphasis on the book)<br />
Sort words gradually.<br />
Example:<br />
The meeting was attended by the minister of education, governor and president. (Ineffective)<br />
The meeting was attended by the president, minister of education and governor. (Effective)<br />
Oppose the ideas that are highlighted<br />
Example:<br />
The company was not bankrupt, but was growing rapidly.<br />
Surti is skinny, but good at eating.<br />
Using suppressed particles<br />
Example:<br />
Throw away all the rubbish!<br />
Not even gold money I don't have.<br />
<br />
Repeat words<br />
Example:<br />
Suroto is a good father, a father who is willing to sacrifice for his children.<br />
It is an obligation for students to study, study and study.<br />
<br />
Accuracy<br />
Every word used needs to be chosen precisely and carefully so that it can represent the author's purpose, intent, or message.<br />
Example:<br />
The position of the seven victims when found residents and police officers are in one room. (Not exactly)<br />
The seven victims, when found residents and police officers, were in one room. (Right)<br />
The position of the seven victims when found residents and police officers in one room (Exactly)<br />
<br />
Structural truth<br />
The effective sentence contains the correctness of the structure of the Indonesian language, meaning that the elements used in the sentence do not use foreign or regional elements. For example, using the English element which, where is incorrect if it is matched with the conjunction where, where or which in Indonesian. The use of the word needs to be avoided. Similarly, elements of regional languages should not be used in writing.<br />
<br />
Example:<br />
The city where he was born is now destroyed by the earthquake. (Not true)<br />
The city where he was lined up was now destroyed by the earthquake. (Correct)<br />
The government will build a school which is the only school in Sipiongot Village. (Not true)<br />
The government will build a school which is the only school in Sipiongot Village. (Correct)<br />
With our ability to use new technology, all work will go smoothly. (Not true)<br />
With our ability to use new technology, all work will be smooth. (Correct)Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-85836913510147449422019-11-18T09:25:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:25:08.324-08:00Structure of Language Used in Sentences<b>Structure of Language Used in Sentences</b><br />
The sentence has three ideas:<br />
The development of RW 06 Kampung Sidodadi population is increasingly dense.<br />
This development is not supported by an adequate economy.<br />
We do not realize that the increase requires adequate facilities and infrastructure.<br />
Suggestions for improvement of the sentence:<br />
<br />
The development of RW 06 Kampung Sidodadi's population is increasingly dense, but it is not supported by sufficient economy and adequate facilities and infrastructure.<br />
<br />
Worth it<br />
Equivalence is the balance between ideas or thoughts and the structure of language used in sentences. The equivalent in this sentence is shown by the oneness of ideas and unity of mind. The characteristics of sentences that have a structural equivalent, namely:<br />
Having a clear subject and predicate<br />
Example:<br />
Not expected by any nation, but in fact we must be able to accept it stoically. (Ineffective)<br />
(What or who is not expected by any nation?)<br />
The economic crisis is not expected by any nation, but in reality we must be able to accept it with courage. (Effective)<br />
(The economic crisis makes clear what is not expected by any nation)<br />
The prepositions are not in front of the subject<br />
Example:<br />
For all grade 2 students must take study tour activities. (Ineffective)<br />
(Share in front of the subject)<br />
All grade 2 students must take part in the activities of the study tour. (Effective)<br />
Intradalimat conjunctions are not used in a single sentence.<br />
Example:<br />
Witness not present. So the trial is adjourned next week.<br />
(So at the beginning of the sentence)<br />
Witnesses were absent so the trial was adjourned next week.<br />
(so in the middle of a sentence)<br />
The predicate does not precede the conjunction.<br />
Example:<br />
Indonesian national team supporters wearing red and white shirts.<br />
(in front of the predicate)<br />
<br />
Indonesian national team supporters wearing red and white shirts.<br />
No double subject.<br />
Example:<br />
The construction of the road was assisted by all villagers.<br />
(What is the subject: road construction or us?)<br />
In building the bridge, we were assisted by all villagers. (Subject: me)<br />
<br />
Alignment (Alignment)<br />
Parallelism is the similarity of words or meanings used in sentences. What is meant by the similarity of words is if the first word is in the form of verb, then the next word is in the form of verb. However, if the first word is in the form of nouns, the next word is in the form of nouns.<br />
Example:<br />
The steps in writing effective sentences are understanding, knowing, and applying effective sentence definitions. (Not parallel)<br />
The steps in writing effective sentences are understanding, knowing, and applying effective sentence definitions. (Parallel)<br />
Ami wrote a letter. (Not parallel meaning)<br />
Ami wrote a letter. (Parallel)<br />
<br />
Frugality<br />
Effective sentences do not use words or phrases that do not need to be used. To avoid wasting words in sentences, things to note are:<br />
Avoid the same elements in compound sentences<br />
Example:<br />
I don't like apples and I don't like durians. (Not thrifty)<br />
I don't like apples and durians. (Thrifty)<br />
Avoiding synonymism in sentences<br />
Example:<br />
I only have 3 books. (Not thrifty)<br />
I only have 3 books. (Thrifty)<br />
Avoid naming plural words<br />
Example:<br />
The students rallied in front of the rector's building. (Not thrifty)<br />
The students rallied in front of the rector's building. (Thrifty)Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-44369065837625122842019-11-18T09:23:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:23:48.432-08:00Complement is Part of the Sentence that Completes P<b>Complement is Part of the Sentence that Completes P</b><br />
Martina Hingis defeated Yayuk Basuki (O)<br />
Yayuk Basuki (S) was defeated by Martina Hingis.<br />
That person cheats my sister (O)<br />
My sister (S) was deceived by that person.<br />
Complement (mop)<br />
Complement (P) or complement is part of the sentence that completes P. The location of Complement is generally behind P in the form of verb. Such a position is also occupied by O, and the types of words that fill Pel and O are also the same, which can be nouns, nominal phrases, or clauses. However, there are differences between Pel and O. Notice the example below:<br />
The two active sentences (a) and (b) where Pel and O are both filled with the Pancasila noun, if they want to be passive it can only be sentences (a) that place Pancasila as O. The sentence changes (a) into passive sentences are as follows:<br />
<br />
Pancasila was read by the chair of the MPR.<br />
The position of Pancasila as Pel in sentence (b) cannot be moved forward to S in passive sentences. The following example is a sentence that is not grammatical.<br />
<br />
Pancasila is based on many orsospol.<br />
Another thing that distinguishes Pel and O is the type of filler. In addition to being filled with nominal nouns and phrases, Complement can also be filled with adjectival phrases and prepositional phrases.<br />
<br />
In addition, the location of the Complement is not always exactly behind P. If in the sentence there is O, the location of the mop is behind O so that the order of writing the sentence parts becomes S-P-O-Pel. Here are some supplementary examples in sentences.<br />
Sutardji read his admirers of contemporary poetry.<br />
Mayang tells the story of the Mouse Deer Rayhan.<br />
The secretary fetched his boss drinking water.<br />
Annisa sent her grandfather a velvet skullcap.<br />
My uncle bought his son a small house.<br />
Information (note)<br />
Information (Ket) is part of a sentence that explains various things about the other parts of the sentence. The Ket element can function to explain S, P, O, and Pel. The position is free, can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. Filler Ket is a nominal phrase, preporsional, adverb, or clause.<br />
Based on the meaning, there are various kinds of Ket in the sentence. The experts share information on the nine kinds (Hasan Alwi et al, 1998: 366), as shown in the table below.<br />
<br />
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE SENTENCES and Example Sentences as well as their Structure<br />
The sentence is stated to be able to provide information to the reader precisely and accurately as expected by the author (effective), if it has the characteristics namely: unity of ideas, equivalence, parallels, frugality, logic, accuracy, variety, assertiveness, rigor, accuracy, structural correctness, and conciseness .<br />
<br />
Unity of ideas<br />
An effective sentence contains only one idea. Consider the following sentence which has more than one idea.<br />
Example: Seeing the development of RW 06 Kampung Sidodadi population which is increasingly dense but not supported by an adequate economy and without us realizing that the increase requires adequate facilities and infrastructure.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-28997913774467231522019-11-18T09:22:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:22:29.732-08:00Character or Object in a Sentence<b>Character or Object in a Sentence</b><br />
Predicate (P)<br />
Predicate (P) is a part of a sentence that tells what action or in what condition the subject (actor / character or object in a sentence). In addition to notifying the subject's actions or actions (S), P can also state the nature, situation, status, characteristics, or identity of S. including P as a sentence is a statement about the amount of something possessed by S. predicate can also be a word or phrase, most are classy verbs or adjectives, but can also be numerals, nouns or nominal phrases. Consider the following example:<br />
<br />
Dog<br />
Mother is taking a nap.<br />
His beautiful daughter.<br />
The city of Jakarta is safe.<br />
My cat is striped three.<br />
Robby new student.<br />
Pak Hartawan's house<br />
The words in bold in the sentence above are the P. sniff words in sentence (a) to tell the dog's actions. The word group is taking a nap in sentence (b) telling the mother what to do, beautiful in sentence (c) telling how her daughter, in a safe condition in sentence (d) telling the situation of the city of Jakarta, striped three in sentence (e) telling the character of my cat, new students in sentence (f) tell Robby's status, and five in sentence (g) tell the number of Pak Hartawan's house.<br />
The following are examples of sentences that do not have P because no words refer to the actions, characteristics, circumstances, characteristics, or status of the perpetrators or objects.<br />
My fat, cute sister.<br />
Our office is located at Jln. Gatot Subroto.<br />
<br />
Bandung is a famous flower city.<br />
Although examples (a), (b), (c) are written exactly as normal sentences are, which start with a capital letter and end with a period, but in it there is not a single word that functions as P. There is no answer to the question of doing what is the fat little brother (actor) in example (a), there is no answer to the question of why or what's wrong with the offices on Jalan Gatot Subroto and Bandung famous as the flower city in examples (b) and (c).<br />
because there is no information about actions, traits, or other things required by P, the examples (a), (b), (c) do not contain P. Therefore, the series of words that are long enough in example (a), (b), (c) it is not yet a sentence, but only a group of words or phrases.<br />
<br />
Object (O)<br />
Object (O) is the sentence part that completes P. The object is generally filled with nouns, nominal phrases, or clauses. Location O is always behind P in the form of transitive verbs, that is, verbs that require the presence of O, as in the example below.<br />
Nurul peted ...<br />
The architect designed ...<br />
Frying cooks ...<br />
Transitive verbs pet, design, and fry in this example is P that demands to be completed. The elements that will complete P in the three sentences are called objects.<br />
If P is filled with intransitive verbs, O is not needed. That is why the nature of O in the sentence is said not to be present. The intransitive verb shower, damaged, returned home which became P in the following example does not demand to be equipped.<br />
Grandma take a shower.<br />
My computer is broken.<br />
The guest is home.<br />
The object in the active sentence can change to S if the sentence is passive. Consider the following example sentence whose O is located behind and change its position if the sentence is passive.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-44009526519643580052019-11-18T09:21:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:21:15.573-08:00The Effective Sentence Elements<b>The Effective Sentence Elements</b><br />
The sentence element is a syntactic function which in the old Indonesian grammar books is commonly called the word position and is now called the role of the word in the sentence, namely subject (S), predicate (P), object (O), complement (Pel), and description ( Ket). The standard Indonesian sentence consists of at least two elements, namely subject and predicate. Other elements (objects, supplements, and information) in a sentence may be required to be present, not required to be present, or required not to be present.<br />
<br />
Subject (S)<br />
Subject (S) is a part of the sentence showing the actor, figure, figure (thing), something, a problem which is the base / topic of conversation. The subject is usually filled with types of words / noun phrases (nominal), clauses, or verbal phrases. For more details, see the example as follows:<br />
<br />
My mother is painting.<br />
Large director's chair.<br />
The one wearing batik is my lecturer.<br />
Walking makes you healthy.<br />
Building overpasses is very expensive.<br />
The words in bold in the sentence above are S. Examples of S filled with words and phrases of objects contained in sentences (a) and (b), examples of S filled in clauses are found in sentence (c), and examples of S which filled with verbal phrases contained in sentences (d) and (e).<br />
In Indonesian, every word, phrase, clause forming S always refers to a thing (concrete or abstract). In the example above, even though the type of words that fill S in sentences (c), (d) and (e) are not nouns, their physical nature still refers to things. If we refer to the perpetrators in the sentences (c) and (d), those who dress in batik and walk, of course, people (things).<br />
Likewise, building an overpass that becomes S in sentence (e), implicitly also refers to the "building result" which is nothing but a thing. In addition, if you dive deeper, there are actually nouns that are languid, at the beginning of sentences (c) to (e), ie people at the beginning of sentences (c) and activities at the beginning of sentences (d) and (e).<br />
In addition to the features above, S can also be recognized by asking questions by asking who (who) ... or what (who) ... to P. If there is a logical answer to the question asked, that is S. If it turns out the answer does not exist and or illogical means that the sentence does not have an S. This is an example of a "sentence" that does not have an S because there is no / unclear actor or object.<br />
<br />
School students are prohibited from entering.<br />
Here it serves generic drugs.<br />
Bathing sister in the morning.<br />
Examples (a) to (c) do not qualify as sentences because they do not have S. If asked to P, who is prohibited from entering the sample (a) who serves the recipe in example (b) and who bathes the sister in the example (c ), there is no answer. Even if there is, the answer doesn't seem logical.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-29400294159992929542019-11-18T09:20:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:20:40.135-08:00Effective SentenceEffective Sentence<br />
The importance of effective sentence learning is done to hone students' abilities in expressing ideas that can be directly understood by readers / listeners without causing multiple interpretations. Students who are each time faced with college assignments are required to make good writing in the form of papers, essays, scientific articles that require knowledge of effective sentences. The choice of sentence effectively makes communication in written form very communicative and not long-winded.<br />
In conveying the idea of using effective sentences, students are expected to be able to understand the use of effective sentences in sentences and paragraphs. However, in reality there are still many students who do not understand the use of an effective sentence in sentences such as the preparation of practical reports which always present a theoretical review that is quite long but does not have the essence of the sentence and the mismatch of effective sentence placement.<br />
Factors that cause the students 'lack of ability to compose effective sentences are: lack of understanding of this material due to lack of interest and a culture of reading that has begun to fade, students' habit of doing assignments is instant so that copy-paste culture has become a tradition. So to improve the ability of students to write effective sentences it is felt necessary to be re-appointed as an Indonesian language learning topic at the university level. This chapter will be discussed (1). Understanding effective sentences, (2). Characteristics of effective sentences, (3). The conditions that underlie effective sentences, (4). Effective sentence structure.<br />
<br />
Understanding Effective Sentences<br />
Effective sentence is a sentence that can express the idea of the speaker / writer correctly so that it can be understood by the listener / reader correctly as well. Effective in this case is the size of the sentence that has the ability to generate ideas or thoughts in the listener or reader. In other words, effective sentences are sentences that can represent the thoughts of the writer or speaker precisely so that the listener / reader can understand these thoughts easily, clearly and completely as what is meant by the writer or the speaker.<br />
<br />
Understanding Effective Sentences According to Experts<br />
Some definitions of effective sentences according to some linguists:<br />
<br />
According to (Rahayu: 2007)<br />
Effective sentence is a sentence that not only fulfills communicative, grammatical, and syntactic requirements, but must also be lively, fresh, easy to understand, and capable of generating imagination in the reader.<br />
<br />
(Akhadiah, Arsjad, and Ridwan: 2001) Saying<br />
Effective sentences are correct and clear sentences so that they are easily understood by others correctly.<br />
<br />
(Arifin: 1989) Saying<br />
Effective sentences are sentences that meet clear criteria, according to the rules, concise, and easy to read.<br />
<br />
According to (Nasucha, Rohmadi, and Wahyudi: 2009)<br />
Effective sentences are understood as sentences that can convey information and the information is easily understood by the reader.<br />
<br />
According to (Arif Mobile: 2013)<br />
Effective sentences are understood as a sentence that can help explain a problem in a shorter, clear, concise and easy to understand and interpret.<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-62360712024040185052019-11-18T09:11:00.002-08:002019-11-18T09:11:10.504-08:00Food Digestion System in Ruminant Animals<b>Food Digestion System in Ruminant Animals</b><br />
Ruminant animals such as cattle and buffalo have a digestion that is somewhat different from humans. Because these animals are categorized as one of the digestive systems of animals which is quite unique. Its food in the form of grass or plants, is composed of many cellulose materials that are difficult to digest which make the digestive system of ruminant animals have a special structure.<br />
<br />
Ruminant Animal Digestion System<br />
In this case it differs from the digestive system in carnivorous and omnivore animals, which are classified as pure ruminant animals such as cattle, goats, rabbits and sheep that can chew their food in two phases.<br />
Now to further understand and know about the digestive system of ruminant animals, see the description below.<br />
<br />
See the Core List:<br />
Ruminant Animal Digestion System<br />
Judging from the way they eat and the digestive system, ruminants or ruminant animals are unique animals. They can chew their food in the form of 2-phase grass. For the first phase occurs when they first eat, whose food is only chewed briefly and is still rough.<br />
Then they store the food in the rumen of the stomach, the interval in time when the stomach is full, they then release the food he chewed to chew again until the texture is smoother. Only after it is smooth, the food enters the stomach's rumen again.<br />
<br />
Process in Ruminant Animal Digestive System<br />
Judging from the type of food that is composed of cellulose that is difficult to digest, ruminants have a special digestive system. As for the organs in the digestive tract of ruminant animals, well here is for more details see the description below.<br />
<br />
Mouth Cavity Organ (Cavum Oris)<br />
In the oral cavity of ruminant animals, there are 2 organs of the digestive system that have important functions, namely teeth and tongue. In ruminant teeth different from the composition of the teeth of other mammals. Incisors (incisors) have a shape suitable for clamping food in the form of grass, canines (canines) do not develop at all, while the back molars (molare) have a flat and wide shape.<br />
<br />
Esophagus (Esophagus)<br />
The esophagus or the so-called esophagus is a conduit connecting the oral cavity and stomach. In this channel, food does not undergo digestion. They only just passed before then crushed in the stomach. The esophagus in ruminants is generally very short, which is about 5 cm, but its width is able to enlarge (dilate) to adjust the size and texture of the food.<br />
<br />
Gastric organ<br />
After going through the esophagus, food will enter the stomach. Stomach in ruminant animals in addition to playing a role in the process of decomposition and fermentation, is also useful as a temporary storage place for food to be chewed again.<br />
For the size of space in the stomach of ruminant animals varies depending on age and food. What is clear is that the gastric chamber is divided into 4 parts namely the rumen (80%), reticulum (5%), omasum (7-8%) and abomasum (7-8%).<br />
<br />
Rumen (Large Stomach)<br />
At first the food through the esophagus will enter the rumen, this food naturally has been mixed with saliva which is alkaline with a pH of ± 8.5. The rumen functions as a temporary storage area for food that has been swallowed, after the rumen is filled with enough food, the cow will rest while chewing back food removed from this rumen. Inside the rumen, bacterial populations and Protozoa produce oligosakharase, hydrolase, glycosidase, amylase, and cellulase enzymes. These enzymes function to break down polysaccharides including cellulose found in their natural food. Protein decomposing enzymes such as proteolytic enzymes and some fat digesting enzymes are also there.<br />
<br />
Reticulum (Stomach Mesh)<br />
In the reticulum, food is stirred and mixed with these enzymes until they become coarse lumps (boluses). This stirring is done with the help of reticulum wall muscle contractions. The food clump is then pushed back into the oral cavity for a second time until it is more perfect when the cow is resting.<br />
<br />
Omasum (Stomach Book)<br />
Once the lumps of food that are chewed again swallowed again, they will enter the omasum that passes through the rumen and reticulum. In the omasum, enzyme glands will help to smooth the food chemically. Water content from food lumps is also reduced through the water absorption process carried out by the omasum wall.<br />
<br />
Abomasum (Stomach Acid)<br />
Abomasums are the true stomach because in this organ the digestive system of ruminant animals chemically works with the help of digestive enzymes. Didalm abomasums, lumps of food are digested through the help of enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The enzymes released by the abomasums wall are the same as those in the stomach of other mammals, while hydrochloric acid (HCI), besides helping in the activation of the pepsinogen enzyme released by the abomasums wall, also acts as a disinfectant for bad bacteria that enters together with food. It is well known that bacteria will die at very low pH.<br />
<br />
Small intestine and anus organs<br />
After the food has been refined from the abomasums chamber the food is then, pushed into the small intestine. In these organs the food juices are absorbed and circulated by the blood throughout the body. The next pulp or food left out through the anus.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-67812450983460791132019-11-17T07:50:00.003-08:002019-11-17T07:50:47.651-08:00Types of Financial Statements<b>Types of Financial Statements</b><br />
20. According to Jumingan (2006: 4) The definition of financial statements is "Financial statements are the result of the act of making a summary of the company's financial data. These financial statements are prepared and interpreted for the benefit of management and other parties concerned or have an interest in the company's financial data. "<br />
21. According to Rodoni (2010: 13) Financial statements are a report issued by the company to its shareholders. This report contains a basic financial report and also a management analysis of the operations of the past year and opinions on the company's future prospects<br />
22. Meanwhile, according to Sutrisno (2005: 11) that the financial statements are the final results of the accounting process which includes two main reports namely the balance sheet and income statement.<br />
23. According to Bambang Riyanto (2012: 327), Financial Statements (Financial Statements), provide an overview of the financial condition of a company, where the Balance Sheets reflect the value of assets, debt and own capital at a certain time, and the statement of Loss and Profit (Income Statement) reflects the results achieved during a certain period, usually covering a period of one year.<br />
<br />
Types of Financial Statements<br />
In accounting, there are four types of financial statements that are usually made by companies. The four types of financial statements are as follows:<br />
<br />
a. Income statement<br />
Report all the results and costs to get the results and profit (loss) of the company during a certain period. In this report there is concise information about the total costs incurred for the operations of a company and the profits earned during the company's operations.<br />
<br />
b. Statement of Changes in Equity<br />
Is a report arising from transactions with owners which also includes the amount of investment, dividend calculation and other distributions to the owner of equity during a period.<br />
<br />
c. Balance<br />
A balance sheet is a financial section that displays information about the financial position of a company or entity in a period, usually within one year.<br />
<br />
d. Cash flow statement<br />
The statement of cash flows is a description of the company's cash turnover, regarding the amount of cash in (cash receipts) and the amount of cash out (cash out) in a certain period.<br />
<br />
The Purpose of Financial Statements According to Experts<br />
Based on the types of financial statements above, then there is the main purpose of financial statements. According to experts, the purpose of financial statements can vary according to their respective opinions. Next Liputan6.com review the purpose of financial statements according to experts that can be understood so that it helps learn more about financial statements, Wednesday (1/16/2019).<br />
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According to Financial Accounting Standards (Indonesian Accountants Association 2002: 4) the objectives of the financial statements are as follows:<br />
Provides information regarding the financial position, performance, and changes in the financial position of a company that is beneficial to a large number of users in making economic decisions.<br />
Financial statements prepared for this purpose meet the common needs of most users. However, financial statements do not provide all the information that users may need in making economic decisions because they generally describe financial effects and events in the past.<br />
The financial statements also show what management has done (stewardship) or management's accountability for the resources entrusted to it.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-67500748403875867072019-11-17T07:50:00.000-08:002019-11-17T07:50:01.679-08:00Financial Statements is an Information that Describes the Condition<b>Financial Statements is an Information that Describes the Condition</b><br />
10. Definition of Financial Statements According to Irham Fahmi (2011)<br />
The definition of financial statements according to Irham Fahmi which explained that the meaning of financial statements is an information that describes the condition of a company, which then will be an information that describes the performance of a company.<br />
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11. Definition of Financial Statements According to Raharjaputra (2011: 194)<br />
According to Raharjaputra that the understanding of financial statements is an important tool to obtain information relating to the financial position and results achieved by the company concerned<br />
12. Definition of Financial Statements According to SFAS No. 1 (2015: 1)<br />
According to PSAK No. 1 (2015: 1), "Financial statements are a structured presentation of the financial position and financial performance of an entity".<br />
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13. Definition of Financial Statements According to Warren and Fees (2009: 24)<br />
According to Warren and Fees that the meaning of financial statements is after the transaction is recorded and summarized, it is dissipated for the user. Accounting reports that produce such information are called financial statements.<br />
14. Harnanto (2002: 31) defines financial statements as follows:<br />
"The financial statements are the final results of the accounting process, which consists of two main reports, namely the balance sheet and income statement statements and in the form of a supplementary nature such as retained earnings reports and reports on the sources and uses of funds or reports on changes in financial position".<br />
15. Hanafi and Halim (2007: 49) define company financial statements as one of the important sources of information besides industry information, economic conditions, company market share, management quality and others.<br />
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16. According to Bernstein (1983: 3) "Analysis of financial statements includes the application of methods and technical analysis of financial statements and other data to see from the report certain measurements and relationships that are very useful in the decision making process.<br />
17. "Foster (1986: 58) suggests the definition of financial statement analysis as follows:" Studying the relationships in a financial statement at a certain time and the tendencies of these relationships over time.<br />
18. "Halfert (1982): in the words of its predecessor, although it is not an explicit definition, it implies that Analysis of Financial Statements:" is a tool used in understanding the problems and opportunities contained in financial statements ". Helfert in his book emphasizes that the analysis of financial statements is on the flow of funds in a business system. From this description of the flow of funds, he saw the company's achievements, projections, capital optimization, and the company's funding sources.<br />
19. According to Soemarsono (2004: 34) "Financial reports are reports that are designed for decision makers, especially those outside the company, regarding the financial position and results of operations of the company". Financial reports are not only as a testing tool but also as a basis for determining or assess the financial position of the company, where with the results of the analysis the parties concerned make a decision and the results achieved by the company need financial reports from the company concerned.<br />
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Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-39738628723980303152019-11-17T07:48:00.003-08:002019-11-17T07:48:44.788-08:00Corporate or Institutional Financial Report<b>Corporate or Institutional Financial Report</b><br />
At the end of each business, each company or institution prepares financial reports which are then reported to the parties concerned. Here are some definitions of financial statements that the author quotes from several sources:<br />
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Understanding Financial Statements According to Experts<br />
1. Definition of Financial Statements According to Cashmere (2013: 7)<br />
Understanding financial statements according to Kasmir (2013: 7) simply where the definition of financial statements is a report that shows the company's current financial condition or future periods. The purpose and objectives of financial statements indicate the company's financial condition.<br />
2. Definition of Financial Statements According to Munawir (2010: 5)<br />
According to Munawir (2010: 5) that the definition of financial statements consists of a balance sheet and an income statement as well as a report on changes in equity. The balance sheet shows or illustrates the amount of an asset, a liability and also about the equity of a company on a certain date.<br />
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3. Definition of Financial Statements According to the Accountants Association (2009: 1)<br />
According to the Indonesian Institute of Accountants, the definition of financial statements consists of the process of financial statements in general consisting of balance sheets, income statements, statements of changes in equity, statements of financial position, notes and other reports as well as material for explanations that are an integral part of financial statements.<br />
4. Definition of Financial Statements According to Harahap (2009: 105)<br />
According to Harahap (2009: 105) that the definition of financial statements is a description of the financial condition and results of operations of a company when certain or a certain period.<br />
5. Definition of Financial Statements According to Gitman (2012: 44)<br />
According to Gitman that the definition of Financial Statements is explained simply where according to Gitman, the definition of financial statements is "Annual reports that publicly owned corporations must provide to stockholders; it summarizes and documents the firms financial 2 activities during the past year ".<br />
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6. Definition of Financial Statements According to Kieso et. All (2011: 5)<br />
According to Kieso et. All (2011: 5) explains that the definition of financial statements is "The financial statements most frequently provided are (1) the statement of financial statements position, (2) the income statement or statement of comprehensive income, (3) the statement of cash flows , and (4) the statement of changes in equity. Note disclosures are an integral part of each financial statement. "<br />
7. Definition of Financial Statements According to Farid and Susanto (2011: 2)<br />
According to Farid and Susanto that what is meant by financial statements, Farid and Susanto gave their ideas on the definition of financial statements in which according to them financial statements are information that is expected to be able to provide assistance to users to make financial decisions that are financial.<br />
8. Definition of Financial Statements According to Birgham and Houston (2010: 84).<br />
According to Birgham and Houston that the definition of financial statements is a number of sheets of paper with numbers written on it, which is important to think about the real assets contained behind these numbers.<br />
9. Definition of Financial Statements according to Subramanyam (2010)<br />
According to Subramanyam that the definition of financial statements is a product of financial reporting processes that are governed by accounting standards and rules, intensive managers, as well as regarding the implementation mechanism and also the supervision of the company.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-45630233832112157712019-11-17T07:43:00.002-08:002019-11-17T07:43:40.740-08:00Definition of National Integration According to Experts<b>Definition of National Integration According to Experts</b><br />
Definition of National Integration<br />
National integration is the process of uniting the differences that exist in a country so that national harmony and harmony are achieved.<br />
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National Integration<br />
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In sociology as well as from the point of structural analysis, the integration of various systems basically has three properties, namely:<br />
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Normative integration<br />
Normative integration is a social bond that occurs because of an agreement (consensus) on the values and basic norms (basic values and norms). From its dimensions, this integration can be called cultural integration.<br />
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Functional Integration<br />
Functional integration, which is a social bond based on the situation of functional interdependence between elements with one another. This integration has more economic dimension.<br />
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Coercive integration<br />
Coercive integration, which is a social bond that occurs due to force. This integration can be included in the political dimension.<br />
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Definition of National Integration According to Experts<br />
The following are the opinions of experts on the notion of national integration with their explanation.<br />
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Dr. Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin<br />
National integration is the process of unifying a nation which covers all aspects of life, namely political, social, economic and cultural aspects.<br />
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Howard Wriggins<br />
National integration is the unification of a separate part of society into a whole / whole that is more intact or integrates all of the small communities which are numerous in number into one national unity.<br />
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Myron Weiner<br />
National integration is a process of various social and cultural groups into one region, in forming national identity<br />
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J. Soedjati Djiwandono<br />
National integration is a way of how sustainability in national unity in the broadest sense can be reconciled with the right to self-determination.<br />
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Safroedin Bahar<br />
National integration is integration which means making or perfecting by uniting various elements of the nation that were originally fragmented.<br />
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Examples of National Integration<br />
The following is an example of national integration in our country Indonesia, which is not necessarily in other countries. Here is an example.<br />
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Implementation of mutual cooperation<br />
Indonesian society is so famous for its very high human values. Mutual cooperation in society leaves many differences in achieving common goals. With the existence of mutual cooperation, the problems become lighter and easier. the same weight carried the same weight carried.<br />
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Mutual respect<br />
Mutual respect and respect is a form of national integration. In a plural society like our country, this is very important. Because mutual respect and respect between people of different cultures, ethnicities, customs, different races and religions. This attitude will make people live in peace and harmony.<br />
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Mutual Sharing<br />
Indonesia has always been famous for its hospitality. This suave attitude is accompanied by mutual attitudes towards each other. From an early age, this attitude was developed so that Indonesian people who uphold Pancasila as a way of life would want to be sympathetic and empathetic to others by sharing. The attitude of sharing to avoid selfish attitudes.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-30517220580952052872019-11-17T07:41:00.002-08:002019-11-17T07:41:38.860-08:00Understanding Empathy, Sympathy, Tolerance<b>Understanding Empathy, Sympathy, Tolerance</b><br />
Definition of Empathy<br />
Empathy is defined as a complex affective and cognitive response to the emotional stress of others. Empathy includes the ability to feel the emotional state of others, feel sympathetic and try to solve problems, and take other people's perspectives. The word empathy in English (Empathy) was discovered in 1909 by E.B. Titchener as a business, a new phenomenon explored by Theodor Lipps in the late 19th century. After that, it was translated back into German as "Empathie" and used there.<br />
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Example of Empathy<br />
Be sensitive to someone's feelings so they can maintain their best words.<br />
Willing to sacrifice property to help someone who has a problem or is hit by natural disasters for example.<br />
Devoted to mother because she knew how difficult it was for her to get pregnant and raise her children.<br />
Be kind to the poor, don't be rude to them, keep your mind good for their actions and help as much as possible.<br />
He does not become someone who troubles others because it is understood that other problem people burden them with distress.<br />
Be light in facilitating the affairs of others because they understand that if their business is facilitated it is pleasure.<br />
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Understanding Sympathy<br />
Sympathy is a psychological process in which a person feels attracted to someone or a group of people because of his attitude, appearance, authority, or actions in such a way. In this process one's feelings play a very important role, although the main impetus for sympathy is the desire to understand the other party and work with it. This is the main difference when compared with identification. Identification is more driven by the desire to learn from others who are considered higher positions and must be respected. This is because the other party has certain strengths or abilities that should be used as examples.<br />
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Example of Sympathy<br />
Visiting a sick person<br />
Helping people affected<br />
Helping people in trouble<br />
Help solve someone's problem<br />
Helping victims of natural disasters<br />
Relieve school fees<br />
Grief for someone's death<br />
Entertaining friends who have problems<br />
Congratulate happy people<br />
Give some assets to the poor<br />
Be happy for the success of others<br />
Form orphanages for orphans and abandoned children<br />
Build tents and relief posts for victims of natural disasters<br />
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Difference of Empathy and Sympathy<br />
Empathy is almost similar to feelings of sympathy, but empathy is not only a feeling that arises but is followed by feelings of organisms from within the body that are very deep. For example, if our friend's parents die, we will also feel lost. So it can be concluded that empathy is an action taken to another person using the right way of thinking so that according to others the action is good and right.<br />
Sympathy is the process when someone has a feeling of being attracted to another party, so they feel what is being experienced, done and suffered by that person. The most visible sympathy is feeling, feeling plays a major role in sympathy. Sympathy can be observed when in friendship, neighbors or bosses work with subordinates.<br />
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Understanding Tolerance<br />
Language tolerance comes from the Latin "tolerare", tolerance means patience and restraint. Tolerance can also mean an attitude of mutual respect and respect between groups or between individuals in society or in other spheres. Tolerance can avoid discrimination, even though there are many different groups or groups in a community group.<br />
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Examples of Tolerance<br />
Respect opinions about the thoughts of others who are different from us, and help each other between people regardless of ethnicity, race, religion, and between groups. The term tolerance covers many fields. One of them is religious tolerance, which is an attitude of mutual respect and respect among followers of other religions, such as:<br />
Don't force others to follow our religion;<br />
Do not criticize / insult other religions for any reason; and<br />
Don't forbid or interfere with other religious people to worship according to their religion / belief.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-33467946297520663142019-11-17T07:28:00.002-08:002019-11-17T07:28:04.838-08:00Test To Measure Physical Fitness Level<b>Test To Measure Physical Fitness Level</b><br />
The Elements of Physical Fitness<br />
The elements of physical fitness include:<br />
Strength "Strength"<br />
Strength is the ability to use muscles to accept the burden at work. Muscle strength can be achieved from training with heavy weights and few frequencies.<br />
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Endurance "Endurance"<br />
Endurance is a person's ability to use organs such as the heart and lungs effectively and efficiently in carrying out their activities.<br />
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Muscular Power<br />
Muscle power is also called explosive power muscle power is the ability of a person to use the maximum power that is deployed in the shortest possible time.<br />
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Speed "Speed"<br />
Speed is a person's ability to make continuous movements in the shortest possible time. The form of training done to increase speed is running 50-200 meters.<br />
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Flexibility<br />
Flexibility looks at the effectiveness of the human body in adjusting to movements or activities that rely on body flexibility.<br />
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Agility "Agility"<br />
Agility is a person's ability to adjust to body positions such as from front to back or from left to right.<br />
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Coordination Coordination<br />
Coordination is a person's ability to unite different body movements into one effective movement.<br />
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Balance "Balance"<br />
Balance is the ability to control organs and muscle conditions so that they can control body movements properly.<br />
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Accuracy<br />
Accuracy is the ability to control movement according to the target.<br />
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Reaction "Reaction"<br />
Reaction is a person's ability to respond to stimuli or stimuli provided by others.<br />
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Test To Measure Physical Fitness Level<br />
Everyone has different levels of physical endurance and fitness. The function of physical fitness tests can be an indication of the ability of a person's body in activity. A person's fitness level can be determined through the following tests:<br />
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Movement type<br />
Physical fitness can be obtained by doing movements that are in accordance with the capabilities of the body, which is preceded by making easy movements and then the intensity and level of difficulty of these movements can be increased along with the body's ability to increase.<br />
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Frequency<br />
Light physical exercise that is done routinely can have a good effect on the body compared to strenuous exercise done only occasionally. The frequency of consistent training like three times a week is needed to form excellent body strength.<br />
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Time<br />
The time and duration of exercise also determines a person's physical fitness level. Time for physical fitness training is determined from the level of endurance that a person has. Generally, people who are not too regular in sports are encouraged to exercise for at least 30 minutes every day to avoid excessive fatigue.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8901990512591576223.post-22675815880451301862019-11-17T07:27:00.002-08:002019-11-17T07:27:11.454-08:00The Elements of Physical Fitness<b>The Elements of Physical Fitness</b><br />
Balance training with airplane attitude<br />
1) Objective: train the strength of leg muscles and maintain balance<br />
2) How to do: a) Stand up straight, legs together and hands at your sides. b) Extend both arms, body bent forward. c) Lift one leg slowly straight back, until the body and legs form a horizontal line, while the head stays up (airplane posture) d) Once balanced, lift the heel of the foot into the foot and hold this position for 8 counts. e) Do it with a different fulcrum.<br />
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Balance exercise from standing then squatting<br />
1) Objective: train the strength of leg muscles and maintain balance.<br />
2) How to do: a) Stand up straight, legs together, and hands at the waist. b) Lift one leg slowly straight forward to form a 90 minute angle with the other foot. c) Slowly bend your knees with your foot resting until you squat and hold for a while. d) Stand up again with one leg straight straight ahead. e) Do it with a different footstool.<br />
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Balance exercise of sitting.<br />
1) Objective: train the strength of leg muscles and maintain balance.<br />
2) How to do: a) Sit down and keep your legs together straight forward. b) From a sitting posture, lift both legs together upward to form the letter V, hold the position for 8 counts.<br />
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Balance exercise from standing on one foot and the other leg crossed at the knee.<br />
1) Objective: train the strength of leg muscles and maintain balance.<br />
2) How to do: a) Movement 1, lift and bend your right leg inward, keep it as long as possible. b) Movement 2, bend your right leg out, keep it as long as possible. c) Do it repeatedly with alternating legs.<br />
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Physical fitness<br />
The Purpose of Physical Fitness<br />
To improve physical fitness must do regular exercise. Lack of endurance joint flexibility, strength and agility cause a person's physical condition is not perfect. The functions and objectives of physical fitness include:<br />
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Increased blood circulation system, nervous system and heart function.<br />
Increased flexibility, stamina and speed.<br />
Accelerate recovery of bodily functions after training or even in certain conditions such as pregnant women, the elderly and recovery after illness.<br />
For athletes high degree of physical fitness serves to improve achievement.<br />
Stimulate development and growth for toddlers and children.<br />
The Concept of Physical Fitness<br />
Physical fitness does not only describe health, but rather is a way to measure individuals doing their daily activities. Now three important things in physical fitness are:<br />
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Physical contact with muscles, bones and fat.<br />
Organ function is related to the efficiency of the "respiratory" system of the heart, blood vessels and lungs.<br />
Muscle response is related to speed, flexibility, weakness and strength.<br />
In terms of physical fitness that is needed by each person is different, depending on the nature of the physical challenges faced.Mc Donall Douckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07822833359117056408noreply@blogger.com