The Idea of Sentences: Logic
The idea of sentences in kaliamat can be effectively accepted or understood by reason and in accordance with EYD rules.
Example:
We invite time and place! (Illogical)
Principal, we invite you to advance to the pulpit! (Logical)
Accuracy
Effective sentences are written carefully, precisely in diction so that it does not cause multiple interpretations and confusion in the sentence.
Example:
The famous college student became Putri Indonesia this year. (Inaccurate)
Students from the famous tertiary institution became Putri Indonesia this year. (Meticulous)
Infants who are breastfed contain less viruses compared to infants who receive bottle milk. (Inaccurate)
Babies who are breastfed will contain fewer viruses compared to babies who get bottle milk. (Meticulous)
Accuracy is also shown by not repeating the same words that are not intended for emphasis as the following example.
Example:
The announcement will be announced to the public in 2 weeks. (Inaccurate)
The announcement will be announced to the public in 2 weeks. (Meticulous)
It is expected that the proposal and all its completeness can complete the project administration requirements. (Inaccurate)
It is expected that the proposal along with all its completeness can meet project administration requirements. (Meticulous)
Variety
Effective sentences show the use of sentences that are not monotonous. The sentences used should vary by utilizing the types of sentences that are in Indonesian. In addition, variations in sentence length and element replacement at the beginning of a sentence also indicate the effectiveness of the sentence.
Example:
Children need parents' attention and affection.
It takes attention and affection from parents to their children.
Parent's attention and affection is needed by the child.
Firmness
Effective sentences affirm the main idea so that the main idea stands out in the sentence. Here's how to provide affirmation in effective sentences.
Put the word highlighted at the beginning of the sentence
Example:
I read the book. (emphasis on reading books)
I have read that book. (emphasis on the book)
Sort words gradually.
Example:
The meeting was attended by the minister of education, governor and president. (Ineffective)
The meeting was attended by the president, minister of education and governor. (Effective)
Oppose the ideas that are highlighted
Example:
The company was not bankrupt, but was growing rapidly.
Surti is skinny, but good at eating.
Using suppressed particles
Example:
Throw away all the rubbish!
Not even gold money I don't have.
Repeat words
Example:
Suroto is a good father, a father who is willing to sacrifice for his children.
It is an obligation for students to study, study and study.
Accuracy
Every word used needs to be chosen precisely and carefully so that it can represent the author's purpose, intent, or message.
Example:
The position of the seven victims when found residents and police officers are in one room. (Not exactly)
The seven victims, when found residents and police officers, were in one room. (Right)
The position of the seven victims when found residents and police officers in one room (Exactly)
Structural truth
The effective sentence contains the correctness of the structure of the Indonesian language, meaning that the elements used in the sentence do not use foreign or regional elements. For example, using the English element which, where is incorrect if it is matched with the conjunction where, where or which in Indonesian. The use of the word needs to be avoided. Similarly, elements of regional languages should not be used in writing.
Example:
The city where he was born is now destroyed by the earthquake. (Not true)
The city where he was lined up was now destroyed by the earthquake. (Correct)
The government will build a school which is the only school in Sipiongot Village. (Not true)
The government will build a school which is the only school in Sipiongot Village. (Correct)
With our ability to use new technology, all work will go smoothly. (Not true)
With our ability to use new technology, all work will be smooth. (Correct)
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Structure of Language Used in Sentences
Structure of Language Used in Sentences
The sentence has three ideas:
The development of RW 06 Kampung Sidodadi population is increasingly dense.
This development is not supported by an adequate economy.
We do not realize that the increase requires adequate facilities and infrastructure.
Suggestions for improvement of the sentence:
The development of RW 06 Kampung Sidodadi's population is increasingly dense, but it is not supported by sufficient economy and adequate facilities and infrastructure.
Worth it
Equivalence is the balance between ideas or thoughts and the structure of language used in sentences. The equivalent in this sentence is shown by the oneness of ideas and unity of mind. The characteristics of sentences that have a structural equivalent, namely:
Having a clear subject and predicate
Example:
Not expected by any nation, but in fact we must be able to accept it stoically. (Ineffective)
(What or who is not expected by any nation?)
The economic crisis is not expected by any nation, but in reality we must be able to accept it with courage. (Effective)
(The economic crisis makes clear what is not expected by any nation)
The prepositions are not in front of the subject
Example:
For all grade 2 students must take study tour activities. (Ineffective)
(Share in front of the subject)
All grade 2 students must take part in the activities of the study tour. (Effective)
Intradalimat conjunctions are not used in a single sentence.
Example:
Witness not present. So the trial is adjourned next week.
(So at the beginning of the sentence)
Witnesses were absent so the trial was adjourned next week.
(so in the middle of a sentence)
The predicate does not precede the conjunction.
Example:
Indonesian national team supporters wearing red and white shirts.
(in front of the predicate)
Indonesian national team supporters wearing red and white shirts.
No double subject.
Example:
The construction of the road was assisted by all villagers.
(What is the subject: road construction or us?)
In building the bridge, we were assisted by all villagers. (Subject: me)
Alignment (Alignment)
Parallelism is the similarity of words or meanings used in sentences. What is meant by the similarity of words is if the first word is in the form of verb, then the next word is in the form of verb. However, if the first word is in the form of nouns, the next word is in the form of nouns.
Example:
The steps in writing effective sentences are understanding, knowing, and applying effective sentence definitions. (Not parallel)
The steps in writing effective sentences are understanding, knowing, and applying effective sentence definitions. (Parallel)
Ami wrote a letter. (Not parallel meaning)
Ami wrote a letter. (Parallel)
Frugality
Effective sentences do not use words or phrases that do not need to be used. To avoid wasting words in sentences, things to note are:
Avoid the same elements in compound sentences
Example:
I don't like apples and I don't like durians. (Not thrifty)
I don't like apples and durians. (Thrifty)
Avoiding synonymism in sentences
Example:
I only have 3 books. (Not thrifty)
I only have 3 books. (Thrifty)
Avoid naming plural words
Example:
The students rallied in front of the rector's building. (Not thrifty)
The students rallied in front of the rector's building. (Thrifty)
The sentence has three ideas:
The development of RW 06 Kampung Sidodadi population is increasingly dense.
This development is not supported by an adequate economy.
We do not realize that the increase requires adequate facilities and infrastructure.
Suggestions for improvement of the sentence:
The development of RW 06 Kampung Sidodadi's population is increasingly dense, but it is not supported by sufficient economy and adequate facilities and infrastructure.
Worth it
Equivalence is the balance between ideas or thoughts and the structure of language used in sentences. The equivalent in this sentence is shown by the oneness of ideas and unity of mind. The characteristics of sentences that have a structural equivalent, namely:
Having a clear subject and predicate
Example:
Not expected by any nation, but in fact we must be able to accept it stoically. (Ineffective)
(What or who is not expected by any nation?)
The economic crisis is not expected by any nation, but in reality we must be able to accept it with courage. (Effective)
(The economic crisis makes clear what is not expected by any nation)
The prepositions are not in front of the subject
Example:
For all grade 2 students must take study tour activities. (Ineffective)
(Share in front of the subject)
All grade 2 students must take part in the activities of the study tour. (Effective)
Intradalimat conjunctions are not used in a single sentence.
Example:
Witness not present. So the trial is adjourned next week.
(So at the beginning of the sentence)
Witnesses were absent so the trial was adjourned next week.
(so in the middle of a sentence)
The predicate does not precede the conjunction.
Example:
Indonesian national team supporters wearing red and white shirts.
(in front of the predicate)
Indonesian national team supporters wearing red and white shirts.
No double subject.
Example:
The construction of the road was assisted by all villagers.
(What is the subject: road construction or us?)
In building the bridge, we were assisted by all villagers. (Subject: me)
Alignment (Alignment)
Parallelism is the similarity of words or meanings used in sentences. What is meant by the similarity of words is if the first word is in the form of verb, then the next word is in the form of verb. However, if the first word is in the form of nouns, the next word is in the form of nouns.
Example:
The steps in writing effective sentences are understanding, knowing, and applying effective sentence definitions. (Not parallel)
The steps in writing effective sentences are understanding, knowing, and applying effective sentence definitions. (Parallel)
Ami wrote a letter. (Not parallel meaning)
Ami wrote a letter. (Parallel)
Frugality
Effective sentences do not use words or phrases that do not need to be used. To avoid wasting words in sentences, things to note are:
Avoid the same elements in compound sentences
Example:
I don't like apples and I don't like durians. (Not thrifty)
I don't like apples and durians. (Thrifty)
Avoiding synonymism in sentences
Example:
I only have 3 books. (Not thrifty)
I only have 3 books. (Thrifty)
Avoid naming plural words
Example:
The students rallied in front of the rector's building. (Not thrifty)
The students rallied in front of the rector's building. (Thrifty)
Complement is Part of the Sentence that Completes P
Complement is Part of the Sentence that Completes P
Martina Hingis defeated Yayuk Basuki (O)
Yayuk Basuki (S) was defeated by Martina Hingis.
That person cheats my sister (O)
My sister (S) was deceived by that person.
Complement (mop)
Complement (P) or complement is part of the sentence that completes P. The location of Complement is generally behind P in the form of verb. Such a position is also occupied by O, and the types of words that fill Pel and O are also the same, which can be nouns, nominal phrases, or clauses. However, there are differences between Pel and O. Notice the example below:
The two active sentences (a) and (b) where Pel and O are both filled with the Pancasila noun, if they want to be passive it can only be sentences (a) that place Pancasila as O. The sentence changes (a) into passive sentences are as follows:
Pancasila was read by the chair of the MPR.
The position of Pancasila as Pel in sentence (b) cannot be moved forward to S in passive sentences. The following example is a sentence that is not grammatical.
Pancasila is based on many orsospol.
Another thing that distinguishes Pel and O is the type of filler. In addition to being filled with nominal nouns and phrases, Complement can also be filled with adjectival phrases and prepositional phrases.
In addition, the location of the Complement is not always exactly behind P. If in the sentence there is O, the location of the mop is behind O so that the order of writing the sentence parts becomes S-P-O-Pel. Here are some supplementary examples in sentences.
Sutardji read his admirers of contemporary poetry.
Mayang tells the story of the Mouse Deer Rayhan.
The secretary fetched his boss drinking water.
Annisa sent her grandfather a velvet skullcap.
My uncle bought his son a small house.
Information (note)
Information (Ket) is part of a sentence that explains various things about the other parts of the sentence. The Ket element can function to explain S, P, O, and Pel. The position is free, can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. Filler Ket is a nominal phrase, preporsional, adverb, or clause.
Based on the meaning, there are various kinds of Ket in the sentence. The experts share information on the nine kinds (Hasan Alwi et al, 1998: 366), as shown in the table below.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE SENTENCES and Example Sentences as well as their Structure
The sentence is stated to be able to provide information to the reader precisely and accurately as expected by the author (effective), if it has the characteristics namely: unity of ideas, equivalence, parallels, frugality, logic, accuracy, variety, assertiveness, rigor, accuracy, structural correctness, and conciseness .
Unity of ideas
An effective sentence contains only one idea. Consider the following sentence which has more than one idea.
Example: Seeing the development of RW 06 Kampung Sidodadi population which is increasingly dense but not supported by an adequate economy and without us realizing that the increase requires adequate facilities and infrastructure.
Martina Hingis defeated Yayuk Basuki (O)
Yayuk Basuki (S) was defeated by Martina Hingis.
That person cheats my sister (O)
My sister (S) was deceived by that person.
Complement (mop)
Complement (P) or complement is part of the sentence that completes P. The location of Complement is generally behind P in the form of verb. Such a position is also occupied by O, and the types of words that fill Pel and O are also the same, which can be nouns, nominal phrases, or clauses. However, there are differences between Pel and O. Notice the example below:
The two active sentences (a) and (b) where Pel and O are both filled with the Pancasila noun, if they want to be passive it can only be sentences (a) that place Pancasila as O. The sentence changes (a) into passive sentences are as follows:
Pancasila was read by the chair of the MPR.
The position of Pancasila as Pel in sentence (b) cannot be moved forward to S in passive sentences. The following example is a sentence that is not grammatical.
Pancasila is based on many orsospol.
Another thing that distinguishes Pel and O is the type of filler. In addition to being filled with nominal nouns and phrases, Complement can also be filled with adjectival phrases and prepositional phrases.
In addition, the location of the Complement is not always exactly behind P. If in the sentence there is O, the location of the mop is behind O so that the order of writing the sentence parts becomes S-P-O-Pel. Here are some supplementary examples in sentences.
Sutardji read his admirers of contemporary poetry.
Mayang tells the story of the Mouse Deer Rayhan.
The secretary fetched his boss drinking water.
Annisa sent her grandfather a velvet skullcap.
My uncle bought his son a small house.
Information (note)
Information (Ket) is part of a sentence that explains various things about the other parts of the sentence. The Ket element can function to explain S, P, O, and Pel. The position is free, can be at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a sentence. Filler Ket is a nominal phrase, preporsional, adverb, or clause.
Based on the meaning, there are various kinds of Ket in the sentence. The experts share information on the nine kinds (Hasan Alwi et al, 1998: 366), as shown in the table below.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE SENTENCES and Example Sentences as well as their Structure
The sentence is stated to be able to provide information to the reader precisely and accurately as expected by the author (effective), if it has the characteristics namely: unity of ideas, equivalence, parallels, frugality, logic, accuracy, variety, assertiveness, rigor, accuracy, structural correctness, and conciseness .
Unity of ideas
An effective sentence contains only one idea. Consider the following sentence which has more than one idea.
Example: Seeing the development of RW 06 Kampung Sidodadi population which is increasingly dense but not supported by an adequate economy and without us realizing that the increase requires adequate facilities and infrastructure.
Character or Object in a Sentence
Character or Object in a Sentence
Predicate (P)
Predicate (P) is a part of a sentence that tells what action or in what condition the subject (actor / character or object in a sentence). In addition to notifying the subject's actions or actions (S), P can also state the nature, situation, status, characteristics, or identity of S. including P as a sentence is a statement about the amount of something possessed by S. predicate can also be a word or phrase, most are classy verbs or adjectives, but can also be numerals, nouns or nominal phrases. Consider the following example:
Dog
Mother is taking a nap.
His beautiful daughter.
The city of Jakarta is safe.
My cat is striped three.
Robby new student.
Pak Hartawan's house
The words in bold in the sentence above are the P. sniff words in sentence (a) to tell the dog's actions. The word group is taking a nap in sentence (b) telling the mother what to do, beautiful in sentence (c) telling how her daughter, in a safe condition in sentence (d) telling the situation of the city of Jakarta, striped three in sentence (e) telling the character of my cat, new students in sentence (f) tell Robby's status, and five in sentence (g) tell the number of Pak Hartawan's house.
The following are examples of sentences that do not have P because no words refer to the actions, characteristics, circumstances, characteristics, or status of the perpetrators or objects.
My fat, cute sister.
Our office is located at Jln. Gatot Subroto.
Bandung is a famous flower city.
Although examples (a), (b), (c) are written exactly as normal sentences are, which start with a capital letter and end with a period, but in it there is not a single word that functions as P. There is no answer to the question of doing what is the fat little brother (actor) in example (a), there is no answer to the question of why or what's wrong with the offices on Jalan Gatot Subroto and Bandung famous as the flower city in examples (b) and (c).
because there is no information about actions, traits, or other things required by P, the examples (a), (b), (c) do not contain P. Therefore, the series of words that are long enough in example (a), (b), (c) it is not yet a sentence, but only a group of words or phrases.
Object (O)
Object (O) is the sentence part that completes P. The object is generally filled with nouns, nominal phrases, or clauses. Location O is always behind P in the form of transitive verbs, that is, verbs that require the presence of O, as in the example below.
Nurul peted ...
The architect designed ...
Frying cooks ...
Transitive verbs pet, design, and fry in this example is P that demands to be completed. The elements that will complete P in the three sentences are called objects.
If P is filled with intransitive verbs, O is not needed. That is why the nature of O in the sentence is said not to be present. The intransitive verb shower, damaged, returned home which became P in the following example does not demand to be equipped.
Grandma take a shower.
My computer is broken.
The guest is home.
The object in the active sentence can change to S if the sentence is passive. Consider the following example sentence whose O is located behind and change its position if the sentence is passive.
Predicate (P)
Predicate (P) is a part of a sentence that tells what action or in what condition the subject (actor / character or object in a sentence). In addition to notifying the subject's actions or actions (S), P can also state the nature, situation, status, characteristics, or identity of S. including P as a sentence is a statement about the amount of something possessed by S. predicate can also be a word or phrase, most are classy verbs or adjectives, but can also be numerals, nouns or nominal phrases. Consider the following example:
Dog
Mother is taking a nap.
His beautiful daughter.
The city of Jakarta is safe.
My cat is striped three.
Robby new student.
Pak Hartawan's house
The words in bold in the sentence above are the P. sniff words in sentence (a) to tell the dog's actions. The word group is taking a nap in sentence (b) telling the mother what to do, beautiful in sentence (c) telling how her daughter, in a safe condition in sentence (d) telling the situation of the city of Jakarta, striped three in sentence (e) telling the character of my cat, new students in sentence (f) tell Robby's status, and five in sentence (g) tell the number of Pak Hartawan's house.
The following are examples of sentences that do not have P because no words refer to the actions, characteristics, circumstances, characteristics, or status of the perpetrators or objects.
My fat, cute sister.
Our office is located at Jln. Gatot Subroto.
Bandung is a famous flower city.
Although examples (a), (b), (c) are written exactly as normal sentences are, which start with a capital letter and end with a period, but in it there is not a single word that functions as P. There is no answer to the question of doing what is the fat little brother (actor) in example (a), there is no answer to the question of why or what's wrong with the offices on Jalan Gatot Subroto and Bandung famous as the flower city in examples (b) and (c).
because there is no information about actions, traits, or other things required by P, the examples (a), (b), (c) do not contain P. Therefore, the series of words that are long enough in example (a), (b), (c) it is not yet a sentence, but only a group of words or phrases.
Object (O)
Object (O) is the sentence part that completes P. The object is generally filled with nouns, nominal phrases, or clauses. Location O is always behind P in the form of transitive verbs, that is, verbs that require the presence of O, as in the example below.
Nurul peted ...
The architect designed ...
Frying cooks ...
Transitive verbs pet, design, and fry in this example is P that demands to be completed. The elements that will complete P in the three sentences are called objects.
If P is filled with intransitive verbs, O is not needed. That is why the nature of O in the sentence is said not to be present. The intransitive verb shower, damaged, returned home which became P in the following example does not demand to be equipped.
Grandma take a shower.
My computer is broken.
The guest is home.
The object in the active sentence can change to S if the sentence is passive. Consider the following example sentence whose O is located behind and change its position if the sentence is passive.
The Effective Sentence Elements
The Effective Sentence Elements
The sentence element is a syntactic function which in the old Indonesian grammar books is commonly called the word position and is now called the role of the word in the sentence, namely subject (S), predicate (P), object (O), complement (Pel), and description ( Ket). The standard Indonesian sentence consists of at least two elements, namely subject and predicate. Other elements (objects, supplements, and information) in a sentence may be required to be present, not required to be present, or required not to be present.
Subject (S)
Subject (S) is a part of the sentence showing the actor, figure, figure (thing), something, a problem which is the base / topic of conversation. The subject is usually filled with types of words / noun phrases (nominal), clauses, or verbal phrases. For more details, see the example as follows:
My mother is painting.
Large director's chair.
The one wearing batik is my lecturer.
Walking makes you healthy.
Building overpasses is very expensive.
The words in bold in the sentence above are S. Examples of S filled with words and phrases of objects contained in sentences (a) and (b), examples of S filled in clauses are found in sentence (c), and examples of S which filled with verbal phrases contained in sentences (d) and (e).
In Indonesian, every word, phrase, clause forming S always refers to a thing (concrete or abstract). In the example above, even though the type of words that fill S in sentences (c), (d) and (e) are not nouns, their physical nature still refers to things. If we refer to the perpetrators in the sentences (c) and (d), those who dress in batik and walk, of course, people (things).
Likewise, building an overpass that becomes S in sentence (e), implicitly also refers to the "building result" which is nothing but a thing. In addition, if you dive deeper, there are actually nouns that are languid, at the beginning of sentences (c) to (e), ie people at the beginning of sentences (c) and activities at the beginning of sentences (d) and (e).
In addition to the features above, S can also be recognized by asking questions by asking who (who) ... or what (who) ... to P. If there is a logical answer to the question asked, that is S. If it turns out the answer does not exist and or illogical means that the sentence does not have an S. This is an example of a "sentence" that does not have an S because there is no / unclear actor or object.
School students are prohibited from entering.
Here it serves generic drugs.
Bathing sister in the morning.
Examples (a) to (c) do not qualify as sentences because they do not have S. If asked to P, who is prohibited from entering the sample (a) who serves the recipe in example (b) and who bathes the sister in the example (c ), there is no answer. Even if there is, the answer doesn't seem logical.
The sentence element is a syntactic function which in the old Indonesian grammar books is commonly called the word position and is now called the role of the word in the sentence, namely subject (S), predicate (P), object (O), complement (Pel), and description ( Ket). The standard Indonesian sentence consists of at least two elements, namely subject and predicate. Other elements (objects, supplements, and information) in a sentence may be required to be present, not required to be present, or required not to be present.
Subject (S)
Subject (S) is a part of the sentence showing the actor, figure, figure (thing), something, a problem which is the base / topic of conversation. The subject is usually filled with types of words / noun phrases (nominal), clauses, or verbal phrases. For more details, see the example as follows:
My mother is painting.
Large director's chair.
The one wearing batik is my lecturer.
Walking makes you healthy.
Building overpasses is very expensive.
The words in bold in the sentence above are S. Examples of S filled with words and phrases of objects contained in sentences (a) and (b), examples of S filled in clauses are found in sentence (c), and examples of S which filled with verbal phrases contained in sentences (d) and (e).
In Indonesian, every word, phrase, clause forming S always refers to a thing (concrete or abstract). In the example above, even though the type of words that fill S in sentences (c), (d) and (e) are not nouns, their physical nature still refers to things. If we refer to the perpetrators in the sentences (c) and (d), those who dress in batik and walk, of course, people (things).
Likewise, building an overpass that becomes S in sentence (e), implicitly also refers to the "building result" which is nothing but a thing. In addition, if you dive deeper, there are actually nouns that are languid, at the beginning of sentences (c) to (e), ie people at the beginning of sentences (c) and activities at the beginning of sentences (d) and (e).
In addition to the features above, S can also be recognized by asking questions by asking who (who) ... or what (who) ... to P. If there is a logical answer to the question asked, that is S. If it turns out the answer does not exist and or illogical means that the sentence does not have an S. This is an example of a "sentence" that does not have an S because there is no / unclear actor or object.
School students are prohibited from entering.
Here it serves generic drugs.
Bathing sister in the morning.
Examples (a) to (c) do not qualify as sentences because they do not have S. If asked to P, who is prohibited from entering the sample (a) who serves the recipe in example (b) and who bathes the sister in the example (c ), there is no answer. Even if there is, the answer doesn't seem logical.
Effective Sentence
Effective Sentence
The importance of effective sentence learning is done to hone students' abilities in expressing ideas that can be directly understood by readers / listeners without causing multiple interpretations. Students who are each time faced with college assignments are required to make good writing in the form of papers, essays, scientific articles that require knowledge of effective sentences. The choice of sentence effectively makes communication in written form very communicative and not long-winded.
In conveying the idea of using effective sentences, students are expected to be able to understand the use of effective sentences in sentences and paragraphs. However, in reality there are still many students who do not understand the use of an effective sentence in sentences such as the preparation of practical reports which always present a theoretical review that is quite long but does not have the essence of the sentence and the mismatch of effective sentence placement.
Factors that cause the students 'lack of ability to compose effective sentences are: lack of understanding of this material due to lack of interest and a culture of reading that has begun to fade, students' habit of doing assignments is instant so that copy-paste culture has become a tradition. So to improve the ability of students to write effective sentences it is felt necessary to be re-appointed as an Indonesian language learning topic at the university level. This chapter will be discussed (1). Understanding effective sentences, (2). Characteristics of effective sentences, (3). The conditions that underlie effective sentences, (4). Effective sentence structure.
Understanding Effective Sentences
Effective sentence is a sentence that can express the idea of the speaker / writer correctly so that it can be understood by the listener / reader correctly as well. Effective in this case is the size of the sentence that has the ability to generate ideas or thoughts in the listener or reader. In other words, effective sentences are sentences that can represent the thoughts of the writer or speaker precisely so that the listener / reader can understand these thoughts easily, clearly and completely as what is meant by the writer or the speaker.
Understanding Effective Sentences According to Experts
Some definitions of effective sentences according to some linguists:
According to (Rahayu: 2007)
Effective sentence is a sentence that not only fulfills communicative, grammatical, and syntactic requirements, but must also be lively, fresh, easy to understand, and capable of generating imagination in the reader.
(Akhadiah, Arsjad, and Ridwan: 2001) Saying
Effective sentences are correct and clear sentences so that they are easily understood by others correctly.
(Arifin: 1989) Saying
Effective sentences are sentences that meet clear criteria, according to the rules, concise, and easy to read.
According to (Nasucha, Rohmadi, and Wahyudi: 2009)
Effective sentences are understood as sentences that can convey information and the information is easily understood by the reader.
According to (Arif Mobile: 2013)
Effective sentences are understood as a sentence that can help explain a problem in a shorter, clear, concise and easy to understand and interpret.
The importance of effective sentence learning is done to hone students' abilities in expressing ideas that can be directly understood by readers / listeners without causing multiple interpretations. Students who are each time faced with college assignments are required to make good writing in the form of papers, essays, scientific articles that require knowledge of effective sentences. The choice of sentence effectively makes communication in written form very communicative and not long-winded.
In conveying the idea of using effective sentences, students are expected to be able to understand the use of effective sentences in sentences and paragraphs. However, in reality there are still many students who do not understand the use of an effective sentence in sentences such as the preparation of practical reports which always present a theoretical review that is quite long but does not have the essence of the sentence and the mismatch of effective sentence placement.
Factors that cause the students 'lack of ability to compose effective sentences are: lack of understanding of this material due to lack of interest and a culture of reading that has begun to fade, students' habit of doing assignments is instant so that copy-paste culture has become a tradition. So to improve the ability of students to write effective sentences it is felt necessary to be re-appointed as an Indonesian language learning topic at the university level. This chapter will be discussed (1). Understanding effective sentences, (2). Characteristics of effective sentences, (3). The conditions that underlie effective sentences, (4). Effective sentence structure.
Understanding Effective Sentences
Effective sentence is a sentence that can express the idea of the speaker / writer correctly so that it can be understood by the listener / reader correctly as well. Effective in this case is the size of the sentence that has the ability to generate ideas or thoughts in the listener or reader. In other words, effective sentences are sentences that can represent the thoughts of the writer or speaker precisely so that the listener / reader can understand these thoughts easily, clearly and completely as what is meant by the writer or the speaker.
Understanding Effective Sentences According to Experts
Some definitions of effective sentences according to some linguists:
According to (Rahayu: 2007)
Effective sentence is a sentence that not only fulfills communicative, grammatical, and syntactic requirements, but must also be lively, fresh, easy to understand, and capable of generating imagination in the reader.
(Akhadiah, Arsjad, and Ridwan: 2001) Saying
Effective sentences are correct and clear sentences so that they are easily understood by others correctly.
(Arifin: 1989) Saying
Effective sentences are sentences that meet clear criteria, according to the rules, concise, and easy to read.
According to (Nasucha, Rohmadi, and Wahyudi: 2009)
Effective sentences are understood as sentences that can convey information and the information is easily understood by the reader.
According to (Arif Mobile: 2013)
Effective sentences are understood as a sentence that can help explain a problem in a shorter, clear, concise and easy to understand and interpret.
Food Digestion System in Ruminant Animals
Food Digestion System in Ruminant Animals
Ruminant animals such as cattle and buffalo have a digestion that is somewhat different from humans. Because these animals are categorized as one of the digestive systems of animals which is quite unique. Its food in the form of grass or plants, is composed of many cellulose materials that are difficult to digest which make the digestive system of ruminant animals have a special structure.
Ruminant Animal Digestion System
In this case it differs from the digestive system in carnivorous and omnivore animals, which are classified as pure ruminant animals such as cattle, goats, rabbits and sheep that can chew their food in two phases.
Now to further understand and know about the digestive system of ruminant animals, see the description below.
See the Core List:
Ruminant Animal Digestion System
Judging from the way they eat and the digestive system, ruminants or ruminant animals are unique animals. They can chew their food in the form of 2-phase grass. For the first phase occurs when they first eat, whose food is only chewed briefly and is still rough.
Then they store the food in the rumen of the stomach, the interval in time when the stomach is full, they then release the food he chewed to chew again until the texture is smoother. Only after it is smooth, the food enters the stomach's rumen again.
Process in Ruminant Animal Digestive System
Judging from the type of food that is composed of cellulose that is difficult to digest, ruminants have a special digestive system. As for the organs in the digestive tract of ruminant animals, well here is for more details see the description below.
Mouth Cavity Organ (Cavum Oris)
In the oral cavity of ruminant animals, there are 2 organs of the digestive system that have important functions, namely teeth and tongue. In ruminant teeth different from the composition of the teeth of other mammals. Incisors (incisors) have a shape suitable for clamping food in the form of grass, canines (canines) do not develop at all, while the back molars (molare) have a flat and wide shape.
Esophagus (Esophagus)
The esophagus or the so-called esophagus is a conduit connecting the oral cavity and stomach. In this channel, food does not undergo digestion. They only just passed before then crushed in the stomach. The esophagus in ruminants is generally very short, which is about 5 cm, but its width is able to enlarge (dilate) to adjust the size and texture of the food.
Gastric organ
After going through the esophagus, food will enter the stomach. Stomach in ruminant animals in addition to playing a role in the process of decomposition and fermentation, is also useful as a temporary storage place for food to be chewed again.
For the size of space in the stomach of ruminant animals varies depending on age and food. What is clear is that the gastric chamber is divided into 4 parts namely the rumen (80%), reticulum (5%), omasum (7-8%) and abomasum (7-8%).
Rumen (Large Stomach)
At first the food through the esophagus will enter the rumen, this food naturally has been mixed with saliva which is alkaline with a pH of ± 8.5. The rumen functions as a temporary storage area for food that has been swallowed, after the rumen is filled with enough food, the cow will rest while chewing back food removed from this rumen. Inside the rumen, bacterial populations and Protozoa produce oligosakharase, hydrolase, glycosidase, amylase, and cellulase enzymes. These enzymes function to break down polysaccharides including cellulose found in their natural food. Protein decomposing enzymes such as proteolytic enzymes and some fat digesting enzymes are also there.
Reticulum (Stomach Mesh)
In the reticulum, food is stirred and mixed with these enzymes until they become coarse lumps (boluses). This stirring is done with the help of reticulum wall muscle contractions. The food clump is then pushed back into the oral cavity for a second time until it is more perfect when the cow is resting.
Omasum (Stomach Book)
Once the lumps of food that are chewed again swallowed again, they will enter the omasum that passes through the rumen and reticulum. In the omasum, enzyme glands will help to smooth the food chemically. Water content from food lumps is also reduced through the water absorption process carried out by the omasum wall.
Abomasum (Stomach Acid)
Abomasums are the true stomach because in this organ the digestive system of ruminant animals chemically works with the help of digestive enzymes. Didalm abomasums, lumps of food are digested through the help of enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The enzymes released by the abomasums wall are the same as those in the stomach of other mammals, while hydrochloric acid (HCI), besides helping in the activation of the pepsinogen enzyme released by the abomasums wall, also acts as a disinfectant for bad bacteria that enters together with food. It is well known that bacteria will die at very low pH.
Small intestine and anus organs
After the food has been refined from the abomasums chamber the food is then, pushed into the small intestine. In these organs the food juices are absorbed and circulated by the blood throughout the body. The next pulp or food left out through the anus.
Ruminant animals such as cattle and buffalo have a digestion that is somewhat different from humans. Because these animals are categorized as one of the digestive systems of animals which is quite unique. Its food in the form of grass or plants, is composed of many cellulose materials that are difficult to digest which make the digestive system of ruminant animals have a special structure.
Ruminant Animal Digestion System
In this case it differs from the digestive system in carnivorous and omnivore animals, which are classified as pure ruminant animals such as cattle, goats, rabbits and sheep that can chew their food in two phases.
Now to further understand and know about the digestive system of ruminant animals, see the description below.
See the Core List:
Ruminant Animal Digestion System
Judging from the way they eat and the digestive system, ruminants or ruminant animals are unique animals. They can chew their food in the form of 2-phase grass. For the first phase occurs when they first eat, whose food is only chewed briefly and is still rough.
Then they store the food in the rumen of the stomach, the interval in time when the stomach is full, they then release the food he chewed to chew again until the texture is smoother. Only after it is smooth, the food enters the stomach's rumen again.
Process in Ruminant Animal Digestive System
Judging from the type of food that is composed of cellulose that is difficult to digest, ruminants have a special digestive system. As for the organs in the digestive tract of ruminant animals, well here is for more details see the description below.
Mouth Cavity Organ (Cavum Oris)
In the oral cavity of ruminant animals, there are 2 organs of the digestive system that have important functions, namely teeth and tongue. In ruminant teeth different from the composition of the teeth of other mammals. Incisors (incisors) have a shape suitable for clamping food in the form of grass, canines (canines) do not develop at all, while the back molars (molare) have a flat and wide shape.
Esophagus (Esophagus)
The esophagus or the so-called esophagus is a conduit connecting the oral cavity and stomach. In this channel, food does not undergo digestion. They only just passed before then crushed in the stomach. The esophagus in ruminants is generally very short, which is about 5 cm, but its width is able to enlarge (dilate) to adjust the size and texture of the food.
Gastric organ
After going through the esophagus, food will enter the stomach. Stomach in ruminant animals in addition to playing a role in the process of decomposition and fermentation, is also useful as a temporary storage place for food to be chewed again.
For the size of space in the stomach of ruminant animals varies depending on age and food. What is clear is that the gastric chamber is divided into 4 parts namely the rumen (80%), reticulum (5%), omasum (7-8%) and abomasum (7-8%).
Rumen (Large Stomach)
At first the food through the esophagus will enter the rumen, this food naturally has been mixed with saliva which is alkaline with a pH of ± 8.5. The rumen functions as a temporary storage area for food that has been swallowed, after the rumen is filled with enough food, the cow will rest while chewing back food removed from this rumen. Inside the rumen, bacterial populations and Protozoa produce oligosakharase, hydrolase, glycosidase, amylase, and cellulase enzymes. These enzymes function to break down polysaccharides including cellulose found in their natural food. Protein decomposing enzymes such as proteolytic enzymes and some fat digesting enzymes are also there.
Reticulum (Stomach Mesh)
In the reticulum, food is stirred and mixed with these enzymes until they become coarse lumps (boluses). This stirring is done with the help of reticulum wall muscle contractions. The food clump is then pushed back into the oral cavity for a second time until it is more perfect when the cow is resting.
Omasum (Stomach Book)
Once the lumps of food that are chewed again swallowed again, they will enter the omasum that passes through the rumen and reticulum. In the omasum, enzyme glands will help to smooth the food chemically. Water content from food lumps is also reduced through the water absorption process carried out by the omasum wall.
Abomasum (Stomach Acid)
Abomasums are the true stomach because in this organ the digestive system of ruminant animals chemically works with the help of digestive enzymes. Didalm abomasums, lumps of food are digested through the help of enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The enzymes released by the abomasums wall are the same as those in the stomach of other mammals, while hydrochloric acid (HCI), besides helping in the activation of the pepsinogen enzyme released by the abomasums wall, also acts as a disinfectant for bad bacteria that enters together with food. It is well known that bacteria will die at very low pH.
Small intestine and anus organs
After the food has been refined from the abomasums chamber the food is then, pushed into the small intestine. In these organs the food juices are absorbed and circulated by the blood throughout the body. The next pulp or food left out through the anus.
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